Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Indian women, the first being breast cancer. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects the vagina and uterus. Sometimes an abnormal group of cells begins to grow in the lining of the cervix, which over time may become cancerous and lead to cervical cancer.
In most cases, cervical cancer is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus which is a sexually transmitted infection. Regular Pap or HPV tests should be done once you are sexually active to detect any abnormal cells. Cervical cancer is preventable and vaccination and screening are the best ways to prevent cervical cancer. Some important tips that can help lower your risk of developing cervical cancer are:
Routine PAP smears test
Getting a Pap smear test helps to identify abnormal cells in the cervix and treat it before they turn cancerous. Pap tests are done once a woman is sexually active. Pap test should be done once every three years after the age of 21. And after 35, one can get it done every five years.
HPV vaccine
The leading cause of cervical cancer is HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). Gardasil and Cervarix are the two vaccines available that can protect girls against HPV infections. HPV vaccines work best when given to preteens as they have a good immune response to the vaccine. However, the vaccination can be administered to girls between 12-26 years. The vaccination should be given before one gets sexually active.
Avoid multiple sex partners
Having many sex partners exposes you to HPV and increases the risk of cervical cancer. Be monogamous as it lowers the risk of getting HPV.
Quit smoking
Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer. If you smoke, you are twice as likely to get cervical cancer as compared to a non-smoker. Give up the harmful habit of smoking to protect yourself against cancer.
Use condoms
It is essential to practice safe sex. Use a condom during intercourse as it reduces the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and thereby protects you against getting HPV and cervical cancer. But condoms do not provide absolute protection and so it is vital to get vaccinated also.
FAQ’s
How does HPV vaccination help in preventing cervical cancer?
HPV vaccination protects against the high-risk HPV strains most often linked to cervical cancer. By getting vaccinated—ideally before exposure to the virus—you reduce your risk of developing HPV-linked abnormal cells, significantly lowering the chance of cervical cancer in the future.
Why is regular cervical screening important?
Screening tests like the Pap smear (or Pap test) help detect abnormal or precancerous cervical cells early, before they become cancerous. Regular screenings give doctors a chance to treat these early changes, reducing the risk of developing full-blown cervical cancer.
Can practicing safe sex reduce cervical cancer risk?
Yes. Using condoms during vaginal, anal or oral sex can lower the risk of HPV transmission, which is a major cause of cervical cancer. Also, limiting the number of sexual partners helps reduce your chances of contracting HPV.
Does smoking increase the risk of cervical cancer?
Yes. Smoking is a known risk factor for cervical cancer. Chemicals in tobacco can damage the DNA of cervical cells and weaken the immune system’s capacity to clear HPV infections, making abnormalities more likely to develop.
At what age should I start getting cervical cancer screening?
While guidelines may vary, many healthcare providers recommend beginning cervical screening (Pap tests) in your early twenties or as advised by your doctor. The frequency depends on age, past results, and your risk profile.
Can you still get cervical cancer after being vaccinated?
While HPV vaccines protect against the most common cancer-causing HPV types, they don’t cover all strains. Therefore, vaccinated individuals still need regular cervical screening to catch any abnormal cells early.
What lifestyle habits can reduce my risk of cervical HPV infection?
Boosting your immune health—by maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol—can help your body clear HPV. A strong immune system is better at fighting infections that might otherwise lead to cervical cell changes.
Are there symptoms I should watch for that might signal cervical cancer?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding (such as after sex or between periods), unusual discharge, pelvic pain, or discomfort during sex can be warning signs. If you experience any of these, you should talk to a healthcare provider and consider getting screened.
What should I do if I test positive on a Pap smear or HPV test?
A positive result doesn’t always mean cancer. Your doctor may recommend further tests, such as a colposcopy or biopsy, to examine abnormal areas more closely. Treating precancerous lesions early can prevent progression to cancer.